Borstal Mac OS
Borstal Mac OS
A Borstal was a type of youth detention centre in the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth and the Republic of Ireland. In India, such a detention centre is known as a Borstal school.
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Borstals were run by HM Prison Service and were intended to reform young people. The word is sometimes used loosely to apply to other kinds of youth institutions and reformatories,[1] such as approved schools and youth detention centres. The court sentence was officially called 'Borstal training'. Borstals were originally for offenders under 21, but in the 1930s the maximum age was increased to 23. The Criminal Justice Act 1982 abolished the Borstal system in the UK, replacing Borstals with youth custody centres.
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In India, Borstal schools are used for the imprisonment of minors. As of 31 December 2014, there were twenty functioning Borstal schools in India, with a combined total capacity of 2,108 inmates.[2]
History[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
The Gladstone Committee (1895) first proposed the concept of the borstal, wishing to separate youths from older convicts in adult prisons. It was the task of Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise (1857–1935), a prison commissioner, to introduce the system, and the first such institution was established at Borstal Prison in a village called Borstal, near Rochester, Kent, England in 1902. The system was developed on a national basis and formalised in the Prevention of Crime Act 1908.
A borstal was a type of youth prison in the United Kingdom, run by the Prison Service and intended to reform seriously delinquent young people. The word is sometimes used loosely to apply to other kinds of youth institution or reformatory, such as Approved Schools and Detention Centres. The court sentence was officially called 'borstal training'. Borstals were originally for offenders under 21. Berwick-upon-Tweed (/ ˌ b ɛr ɪ k-/ ; Scots: Sou Berik) (sometimes known as Berwick-on-Tweed or just Berwick) is a town in the county of Northumberland.It is the northernmost town in England. Directed by Liz Garbus. With Amy Ryan, Thomasin McKenzie, Gabriel Byrne, Lola Kirke. When Mari Gilbert's daughter disappears, police inaction drives her own investigation into the gated Long Island community where Shannan was last seen. 50 Games like Borstal for Mac OS, daily generated comparing over 40 000 video games across all platforms. This suggestion collection includes survival rogue-like RPG games. The order in this selection is not absolute, but the best games tends to be up in the list.
The regimen in these institutions was designed to be 'educational rather than punitive', but it was highly regulated, with a focus on routine, discipline and authority during the early years. Borstal institutions were originally designed to offer education, regular work and discipline, though one commentator has claimed that 'more often than not they were breeding grounds for bullies and psychopaths.'[3]
The Criminal Justice Act 1982 officially abolished the borstal system in the UK, introducing youth custody centres instead. As society had changed[clarification needed] the system was then already outdated especially since the late 1960s and early 1970s, with many borstals being closed and replaced with institutions called Detention Centres and, from 1972, also with Community Service Order sentences.[4]
Corporal punishment[edit]
Except in Northern Ireland, the only corporal punishment officially available in borstals was the birch for mutiny or assaulting an officer, and this could be imposed only by the visiting magistrates, subject in each case to the personal approval of the Home Secretary, just as in adult prisons.[5] Only male inmates over 18 might be so punished. This power was very rarely used – there were only seven birching cases in borstals in the 10 years to 1936.[6] This birching power was available only in England and Wales (not in Scottish borstals).[7]Caning as a more day-to-day punishment was used in the single borstal in Northern Ireland but was not authorised in England, Scotland or Wales.[8] Confusion on this matter arises perhaps because in approved schools, a quite different kind of youth institution based more on the open 'boarding school' model, caning was an official punishment for young people (maximum age 19).[9]
Commonwealth[edit]
A similar system under the name 'borstal' or 'borstal school' has also been introduced in several other Commonwealth countries.
India[edit]
In India, nine states, namely Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Telangana, have borstal schools in their respective jurisdictions. Tamil Nadu had the highest capacity, at 678 inmates (as of 2014). Himachal Pradesh and Kerala are the only states that have the capacity to lodge female inmates in two of their borstal schools. There are no borstal schools in any of the union territories.[2]
Ireland[edit]
In Ireland the Criminal Justice Act, 1960 (Section 12) removed the term 'borstal' from official use.[10] This was part of a policy to broaden the system from reform and training institutions to a place of detention for youths between 17 and 21 for any sentence which carried a prison term.[citation needed] The only borstal in the state was based for most of its existence in Clonmel, in County Tipperary. Founded in 1906, it finally closed in 1956, when the remaining detainees were transferred to the newly established St. Patrick's Institution in Dublin. Industrial schools performed a similar function to borstals.
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In popular culture[edit]
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Literature[edit]
- Irish writer Brendan Behan wrote of his experiences in the English borstal system in his autobiography Borstal Boy (1958). It was later adapted into play and film versions.
- Alan Sillitoe's short story 'The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner' (1959) is included in the book of the same title. A boy's period in a borstal for robbing a bakery is recounted. The film version followed in 1962 in which Tom Courtenay starred and the director was Tony Richardson.
- In Roald Dahl's children's book Matilda (1988), Hortensia initially refers to the school as 'borstal' on Matilda's first day.
Cinema[edit]
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- The British film, Boys in Brown (1949) stars Richard Attenborough, Dirk Bogarde and Jack Warner. It looks at life in a borstal and the challenges faced by those who go through them.
- Scum (1977), a once banned Play for Today and its cinema remake Scum (1979) are set in a borstal. Ray Winstone, in a very early role, features in both versions.
- Young Raymond Briggs is threatened to be sent to 'Borstal' by a police officer after being suspected of trying to steal 'valuable billiard cues' from a golf club in the animated film Ethel & Ernest (2016).
- Scrubbers (1982) British drama film set in a girls borstal, directed by Mai Zetterling and starring Amanda York and Chrissie Cotterill.
Music[edit]
- The British rock band Faces recorded a song (written by Rod Stewart, Ronnie Wood, and Ian McLagan) called 'Borstal Boys' on their final studio album Ooh La La.
- The British punk rock band Sham 69 had a top 40 hit single with a song called 'Borstal Breakout' in 1977.
- The British rock band Humble Pie recorded a song called '30 Days in the Hole' that included the lyric 'Some seeds and dust, and you got Borstal.'
- The German punk band Oxymoron released a track titled 'Borstal' on their 1995 album 'Fuck The Nineties...Here's Our Noize'.
- The British synthpop band Bronski Beat featured a mince pie-eating competition in Borstal with lead singer Jimmy Somerville winning the contest in the music video[11] of the cover song 'It Ain't Necessarily So' from the album The Age of Consent.
- The Borstal is a punk rock band from Jakarta, Indonesia.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'Bradwall Reformatory School (1855–1920)', a local history site. ([1])
- ^ ab'Capacity and Population of Inmates in Borstal Schools at the end of 2014'(PDF). National Crime Records Bureau. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- ^Bernard O'Mahoney, The A–Z of Law and Disorder, July 2006.
- ^Jenniffer Turner (2016). The Brison Boundary. Palgrave Studies in Prison and Penology. p. 80. ISBN9781137532428. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^Report of the Departmental Committee on Corporal Punishment (the 'Cadogan Report'), Cmnd. 5684, Home Office, 1938, p. 123.
- ^Cadogan, p. 122.
- ^Cadogan, p. 123.
- ^Nial Osborough, Borstal in Ireland: Custodial provision for the young adult offender 1906–1974, Institute of Public Administration, Dublin, 1975. ISBN0-902173-66-9
- ^Report of a Committee to Review Punishments in Prisons, Borstal Institutions, Approved Schools and Remand Homes (the 'Franklin Report'), Cmnd. 8429, Home Office, 1951.
- ^'CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT, 1960'. Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
- ^music video
External links[edit]
| Look up borstal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Borstal Mac OS